
Read the full piece HERE or in the uploaded PDF above.
In this commentary for the Italian Institute of International Affairs (IAI), I argue the following:
- The US-Iran MOU offers a negotiating pathway, not durable peace, and does not account for Gulf security. As Iran’s neighbours, Gulf Arab states must devise their own solution to prevent further aggression.
- The Strait of Hormuz represents the immediate test of both regional and international will over maritime governance. Iran’s insistence on dictating fees and passage is about control and could set a precedent for chokepoints worldwide.
- The Gulf states need deterrence now. Coupled with diplomacy, collective security requires Gulf-led coordination, with Iran’s conduct deciding if its integration is ever possible.
